What challenges do push systems typically face in a dynamic market?

Push systems are designed to produce goods in anticipation of demand, which can present several challenges in a dynamic market. The correct answer highlights that all the listed issues are challenges typically associated with push systems.

Inflexibility in stock levels is a key challenge because push systems often lead to a predetermined production schedule based on forecasts. If market demand shifts unexpectedly, these systems may struggle to adjust quickly, resulting in either surplus stock or stockouts. This inflexibility can hinder responsiveness to changing customer preferences or market conditions.

Low service levels can arise as well because push systems rely heavily on forecasts that may not accurately reflect real-time demand. As a result, customers may experience delays in product availability, leading to dissatisfaction and potential loss of sales if items are out of stock.

Large inventory investments are another significant challenge. Since push systems produce goods in advance and maintain stock based on forecasts, they typically require significant capital tied up in inventory. In a dynamic market where demand can fluctuate, this can lead to excess inventory that may go unsold, increasing holding costs and decreasing overall efficiency.

Considering these points, the comprehensive nature of the answer indicates that push systems face multiple interconnected challenges in a dynamic market environment, making option D the most appropriate choice.